World Health Organisation. The WHO special initiative for mental health (2019-2023): universal health coverage for mental health. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2019.
World Health Organisation. Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013-2023. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2021.
World Health Organisation. World mental health report: transforming mental health for all. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2022.
Mulraney M, Coghill D, Bishop C, Mehmed Y, Sciberras E, Sawyer M, et al. A systematic review of the persistence of childhood mental health problems into adulthood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;129:182–205.
Google Scholar
Liu J, Chen X, Lewis G. Childhood internalizing behaviour: analysis and implications. J Psychiatric Mental Health Nurs. 2011;18:884–94.
Google Scholar
McGorry PD, Mei C. Early intervention in youth mental health: Progress and future directions. Evid Based Mental Health. 2018;21:182–4.
Google Scholar
Arango C, Dragioti E, Solmi M, Cortese S, Domschke K, Murray RM, et al. Risk and protective factors for mental disorders beyond genetics: an evidence-based atlas. World Psychiatry. 2021;20:417–36.
Google Scholar
Lunansky G, van Borkulo CD, Haslbeck JMB, van der Linden MA, Garay CJ, Etchevers MJ, et al. The Mental Health Ecosystem: Extending Symptom Networks With Risk and Protective Factors. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:1–18.
Google Scholar
Popham CM, McEwen FS, Karam E, Fayyad J, Karam G, Saab D, et al. Predictors of psychological risk and resilience among Syrian refugee children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Disciplines. 2022;64:91–9.
Karam EG, Fayyad JA, Farhat C, Pluess M, Haddad YC, Tabet CC, et al. Role of childhood adversities and environmental sensitivity in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in war-exposed Syrian refugee children and adolescents. Brit J Psychiatry. 2019;214:354–60.
Google Scholar
Pluess M. Individual Differences in Environmental Sensitivity. Child Dev Perspect. 2015;9:138–43.
Google Scholar
Aron EN, Aron A. Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. J Personal Soc Psychol. 1997;73:345–68.
Google Scholar
Ellis BJ, Boyce WT. Biological Sensitivity to Context. Curr Directions Psychological Sci. 2008;17:183–7.
Google Scholar
Belsky J, Steinberg L, Draper P. Childhood Experience, Interpersonal Development, and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Theory of Socialization. Child Dev. 1991;62:647–70.
Google Scholar
Keers R, Coleman JRI, Lester KJ, Roberts S, Breen G, Thastum M, et al. A Genome-Wide Test of the Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis Reveals a Genetic Predictor of Differential Response to Psychological Treatments for Child Anxiety Disorders. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics. 2016;85:146–58.
Google Scholar
Boyce WT. Differential Susceptibility of the Developing Brain to Contextual Adversity and Stress. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;41:1–21.
Brindle K, Moulding R, Bakker K, Nedeljkovic M. Is the relationship between sensory-processing sensitivity and negative affect mediated by emotional regulation? Aust J Psychol. 2015;67:214–21.
Google Scholar
Yano K, Oishi K. The relationships among daily exercise, sensory-processing sensitivity, and depressive tendency in Japanese university students. Personal Ind Differ. 2018;127:49–53.
Google Scholar
Yano K, Kase T, Oishi K. Sensory Processing Sensitivity Moderates the Relationships Between Life Skills and Depressive Tendencies in University Students. Japanese Psychological Res. 2021;63:152–63.
Google Scholar
Bakker K, Moulding R. Sensory-Processing Sensitivity, dispositional mindfulness and negative psychological symptoms. Personality Ind Differ. 2012;53:341–6.
Google Scholar
Neal JA, Edelmann R, Glachan M. Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia? Brit J Clin Psychol. 2002;41:361–74.
Google Scholar
Booth C, Standage H, Fox E. Sensory-processing sensitivity moderates the association between childhood experiences and adult life satisfaction. Personal Ind Differ. 2015;87:24–29.
Google Scholar
Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. Gene × Environment interaction and resilience: effects of child maltreatment and serotonin, corticotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and oxytocin genes. Dev Psychopathol. 2012;24:411–27.
Google Scholar
Simons RL, Lei MK, Beach SRH, Brody GH, Philibert RA, Gibbons FX. Social Environment, Genes, and Aggression: Evidence Supporting the Differential Susceptibility Perspective. Am Sociol Rev. 2011;76:883–912.
Google Scholar
Eisenberg N, Sulik MJ, Spinrad TL, Edwards A, Eggum ND, Liew J, et al. Differential susceptibility and the early development of aggression: Interactive effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and environmental quality. Dev Psychol. 2012;48:755–68.
Google Scholar
Conradt E, Measelle J, Ablow JC. Poverty, Problem Behavior, and Promise: Differential Susceptibility Among Infants Reared in Poverty. Psychological Sci. 2013;24:235–42.
Google Scholar
Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, IJzendoorn MH. van. Gene-Environment Interaction of the Dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) and Observed Maternal Insensitivity Predicting Externalizing Behavior in Preschoolers. Dev Psychobiol. 2006;48:406–9.
Google Scholar
Pluess M, Boniwell I. Sensory-Processing Sensitivity predicts treatment response to a school-based depression prevention program: Evidence of Vantage Sensitivity. Personal Ind Differ. 2015;82:40–45.
Google Scholar
Nocentini A, Menesini E, Pluess M. The Personality Trait of Environmental Sensitivity Predicts Children’s Positive Response to School-Based Antibullying Intervention. Clin Psychol Sci. 2018;6:848–59.
Google Scholar
Pluess M, Rhoades G, Keers R, Knopp K, Belsky J, Markman H, et al. Genetic Sensitivity Predicts Long-Term Psychological Benefits of a Relationship Education Program for Married Couples. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2022;90:195–207.
Google Scholar
Morgan B, Kumsta R, Fearon P, Moser D, Skeen S, Cooper P, et al. Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphism and susceptibility to a home-visiting maternal-infant attachment intervention delivered by community health workers in South Africa: Reanalysis of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002237.
Google Scholar
Ellis BJ, Boyce WT, Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory. Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23:7–28.
Google Scholar
Pluess M, Assary E, Lionetti F, Lester KJ, Krapohl E, Aron EN, et al. Environmental sensitivity in children: Development of the highly sensitive child scale and identification of sensitivity groups. Dev Psychol. 2018;54:51–70.
Google Scholar
Boyce WT, Chesney M, Alkon A, Tschann JM, Adams S, Chesterman B, et al. Psychobiologic reactivity to stress and childhood respiratory illnesses: results of two prospective studies. Psychosomatic Med. 1995;57:411–22.
Google Scholar
Gannon L, Banks J, Shelton D, Luchetta T. The mediating effects of psychophysiological reactivity and recovery on the relationship between environmental stress and illness. J Psychosomatic Res. 1989;33:167–75.
Google Scholar
Ellis BJ. Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: An integrated life history approach. Psychological Bull. 2004;130:920–58.
Google Scholar
Obradović J, Bush NR, Stamperdahl J, Adler NE, Boyce WT. Biological Sensitivity to Context : The Interactive Effects of Stress Reactivity and Family Adversity on Socioemotional Behavior and School Readiness. Child Dev. 2010;81:270–89.
Google Scholar
Nachmias M, Gunnar M, Mangelsdorf S, Parritz RH, Buss K. Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security. Child Dev. 1996;67:508–22.
Google Scholar
Eley TC, Sugden K, Corsico A, Gregory AM, Sham P, McGuffin P, et al. Gene–environment interaction analysis of serotonin system markers with adolescent depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9:908–15.
Google Scholar
Taylor SE, Way BM, Welch WT, Hilmert CJ, Lehman BJ, Eisenberger NI. Early Family Environment, Current Adversity, the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism, and Depressive Symptomatology. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:671–6.
Google Scholar
Homberg JR, Schubert D, Asan E, Aron EN. Sensory processing sensitivity and serotonin gene variance: Insights into mechanisms shaping environmental sensitivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:472–83.
Google Scholar
van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Mesman J. Dopamine system genes associated with parenting in the context of daily hassles. Genes Brain Behav. 2008;7:403–10.
Google Scholar
Belsky J, Jonassaint C, Pluess M, Stanton M, Brummett B, Williams R. Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes? Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14:746–54.
Google Scholar
McEwen FS, Biazoli CE, Popham CM, Moghames P, Saab D, Fayyad J, et al. Prevalence and predictors of mental health problems in refugee children living in informal settlements in Lebanon. Nat Mental Health. 2023;1:135–44.
Google Scholar
McEwen, Popham FS, Moghames C, Smeeth P, Villiers D, de B, et al. Cohort profile: biological pathways of risk and resilience in Syrian refugee children (BIOPATH). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. 2022;57:873–83.
Google Scholar
McEwen FS, Moghames P, Bosqui T, Kyrillos V, Chehade N, Saad S, et al. Validating Screening Questionnaires for Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders against Clinical Interviews in 8 to 17-Year-Old Syrian Refugee Children. PsyArXiv. 2021. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zu87.
Faulstich ME, Carey MP, Ruggiero L, Enyart P, Gresham F. Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:1024–7.
Google Scholar
Foa EB, Johnson KM, Feeny NC, Treadwell KRH. The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. J Dev Behav Pediatrics. 2001;22:451.
Google Scholar
Pynoos RS, Frederick C, Nader K, Arroyo W, Steinberg A, Eth S, et al. Life Threat and Posttraumatic Stress in School-age Children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:1057.
Google Scholar
Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, et al. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale Construction and Psychometric Characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36:545–53.
Google Scholar
Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38:581–6.
Google Scholar
Goodman R, Meltzer H, Bailey V. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2003;15:173–7.
Google Scholar
Alyahri A, Goodman R. Validation of the Arabic strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the development and well-being assessment. Eastern Mediterranean Health J. 2006;12:138–46.
Goodman A, Lamping DL, Ploubidis GB. When to use broader internalising and externalising subscales instead of the hypothesised five subscales on the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ): Data from british parents, teachers and children. J Abnormal Child Psychol. 2010;38:1179–91.
Google Scholar
Karam EG, Al-Atrash R, Saliba S, Melhem N, Howard D. The War Events Questionnaire. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. 1999;34:265–74.
Google Scholar
Oh DL, Jerman P, Purewal Boparai SK, Koita K, Briner S, Bucci M, et al. Review of Tools for Measuring Exposure to Adversity in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatric Health Care. 2018;32:564–83.
Google Scholar
Rizkalla N, Segal SP. War can harm intimacy: Consequences for refugees who escaped Syria. J Global Health. 2019;9:1–10.
Google Scholar
Smeeth D, McEwen FS, Popham CM, Karam EG, Fayyad J, Saab D, et al. War exposure, post-traumatic stress symptoms and hair cortisol concentrations in Syrian refugee children. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:647–56.
Google Scholar
Chang CC, Chow CC, Tellier LCAM, Vattikuti S, Purcell SM, Lee JJ. Second-generation PLINK: Rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience. 2015;4:1–16.
Google Scholar
Purcell S, Chang C. PLINK. 2020. https://www.cog-enomics.org/plink/.
El Sabeh M, Kassir MF, Ghanem P, Saifi O, El Hadi D, Khalifeh Y, et al. Consanguinity rates among Syrian refugees in Lebanon: A study on genetic awareness. J Biosocial Sci. 2020;53:356–66.
Google Scholar
Nagel M, Speed D, Sluis S, van der, Østergaard SD. Genome-wide association study of the sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity neuroticism cluster. Acta Psychiatrica Scand. 2020;141:476–8.
Google Scholar
Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG. Manual for Eysenck Personality Inventory. San Diego: Educational; Industrial Testing Service; 1968.
De Moor MHM, Van Den Berg SM, Verweij KJH, Krueger RF, Luciano M, Vasquez AA, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism, and the polygenic association with major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:642–50.
Google Scholar
Berg, van den SM, De Moor MHM, McGue M, Pettersson E, Terracciano A, et al. Harmonization of neuroticism and extraversion phenotypes across inventories and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Consortium: An application of item response theory. Behav Genet. 2014;44:295–313.
Google Scholar
van den Berg SM, de Moor MH, Verweij KJ, Krueger RF, Luciano M, Arias Vasquez A, et al. Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. Behav Genet. 2016;46:170–82.
Google Scholar
Lionetti F, Pastore M, Moscardino U, Nocentini A, Pluess K, Pluess M. Sensory Processing Sensitivity and its association with personality traits and affect: A meta-analysis. J Res Personal. 2019;81:138–52.
Google Scholar
Keers R, Pluess M. Childhood quality influences genetic sensitivity to environmental influences across adulthood: A life-course Gene x Environment interaction study. Dev Psychopathol. 2017;29:1921–33.
Google Scholar
Choi SW, Mak TS-H, O’Reilly PF. Tutorial: a guide to performing polygenic risk score analyses. Nat Protocols. 2020;15:2759–72.
Google Scholar
Choi SW, O’Reilly PF. PRSice-2: Polygenic Risk Score software for biobank-scale data. GigaScience. 2019;8:1–6.
Google Scholar
Sjoberg DD, Whiting K, Curry M, Lavery JA, Larmarange J. Reproducible Summary Tables with the gtsummary Package. R J. 2021;13:570.
Google Scholar
Buedenbender B. datscience: Data and Science Utility Functions. 2023. https://github.com/Buedenbender/datscience/.
Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50:195–212.
Google Scholar
Bürkner PC. brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J Stat Softw. 2017;80:1–28.
Google Scholar
Rosseel Y. lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1–36.
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2022. https://www.r-project.org/.
RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development for R. 2020. https://www.rstudio.com/categories/rstudio-ide/.
Gohel D, Skintzos P. flextable: Functions for Tabular Reporting. 2023. https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=flextable.
Lionetti F, Aron A, Aron EN, Burns GL, Jagiellowicz J, Pluess M. Dandelions, tulips and orchids: Evidence for the existence of low-sensitive, medium-sensitive and high-sensitive individuals. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:24.
Google Scholar
Evers A, Rasche J, Schabracq MJ. High Sensory-Processing Sensitivity at Work. Int J Stress Manag. 2008;15:189–98.
Google Scholar
Goldberg A, Ebraheem Z, Freiberg C, Ferarro R, Chai S, Gottfried OD. Sweet and Sensitive: Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Type 1 Diabetes. J Pediatric Nurs. 2018;38:e35–e38.
Google Scholar
Belsky J, van IJzendoorn MH. What works for whom? Genetic moderation of intervention efficacy. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27:1–6.
Google Scholar
Li Z, Sturge-Apple ML, Davies PT. Family Context in Association With the Development of Child Sensory Processing Sensitivity. Dev Psychol. 2021;57:2165–78.
Google Scholar
Stern J, Arslan RC, Penke L. Stability and validity of steroid hormones in hair and saliva across two ovulatory cycles. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2022;9:100114.
Google Scholar
Ahrens KF, Neumann RJ, von Werthern NM, Kranz TM, Kollmann B, Mattes B, et al. Association of polygenic risk scores and hair cortisol with mental health trajectories during COVID lockdown. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:1–10.
Google Scholar
Ruttle PL, Shirtcliff EA, Serbin LA, Ben-Dat Fisher D, Stack DM, Schwartzman AE. Disentangling psychobiological mechanisms underlying internalizing and externalizing behaviors in youth: Longitudinal and concurrent associations with cortisol. Hormones Behav. 2011;59:123–32.
Google Scholar
Young AI, Benonisdottir S, Przeworski M, Kong A. Deconstructing the sources of genotype-phenotype associations in humans. Science. 2019;365:1396–1400.
Google Scholar
Moorthie S, Hall A, Babb De Villiers C, Janus J, Brigden T, Blackburn L, et al. How can we address the uncertainties regarding the potential clinical utility of polygenic score-based tests? Personalized Med. 2022;19:263–70.
Google Scholar
Burt CH. Challenging the Utility of Polygenic Scores for Social Science: Environmental Confounding, Downward Causation, and Unknown Biology. Behav Brain Sci. 2022;46;e207.
Turkheimer E, Pettersson E, Horn EE. A phenotypic null hypothesis for the genetics of personality. Ann Rev Psychol. 2014;65:515–40.
Google Scholar
Smolewska KA, McCabe SB, Woody EZ. A psychometric evaluation of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale: The components of sensory-processing sensitivity and their relation to the BIS/BAS and ‘Big Five. Personal Ind Differ. 2006;40:1269–79.
Google Scholar
Diehl CK, Rockstroh B, Yee CM, Miller GA. Endophenotypes in psychiatric genomics: a selective review of their status and a call to action. In: Tsermpini EE, Alda M, Patrinos GP, editors. Psychiatric genomics. United Kingdom: Academic Press; 2022. p. 361–84.
Belsky J, Pluess M. Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: phenotypic plasticity and human development. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25:1243–61.
Google Scholar
Dutheil F, de Saint Vincent S, Pereira B, Schmidt J, Moustafa F, Charkhabi M, et al. DHEA as a Biomarker of Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:1–14.
Google Scholar
Nenezic N, Kostic S, Strac DS, Grunauer M, Nenezic D, Radosavljevic M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): Pharmacological Effects and Potential Therapeutic Application. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2023;23:941–52.
Google Scholar
Mackinnon S, Curtis R, O’Connor R. Tutorial in Longitudinal Measurement Invariance and Cross-lagged Panel Models Using Lavaan. Meta Psychol. 2022;6:1–20.
Aron EN. The Clinical Implications of Jung’s Concept of Sensitiveness. J Jungian Theory Pract. 2006;8:11–43.
Chien WT, Lau CT. Traumatised Children’s Perspectives on Their Lived Experience: A Review. Behav Sci. 2023;13:170.
Google Scholar
Frounfelker RL, Miconi D, Farrar J, Brooks MA, Rousseau C, Betancourt TS. Mental health of refugee children and youth: Epidemiology, interventions, and future directions. Ann Rev Public Health. 2019;41:159–76.
Google Scholar
Scharpf F, Kaltenbach E, Nickerson A, Hecker T. A systematic review of socio-ecological factors contributing to risk and protection of the mental health of refugee children and adolescents. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;83:101930.
Google Scholar
link
